| memory impairment | — | brain | Human | |
| earlier sleep and wake time | — | | Human | |
| increased reliance on vision to control balance | — | brain | Human | |
| variability of performance for multiple cognitive tasks increases | — | brain | Human | |
| visual memory declines | — | brain | Human | |
| reaction time slowing in tasks with conflict between visual stimulus and required motor response | — | brain | Human | |
| cognitive decline | — | brain | Human | |
| Learning impairment as assessed by contextual cuing | — | brain | Human | |
| reduction in episodic, working and long-term memory | — | brain | Human | |
| cognitive deficits | — | brain | Human | |
| mild cognitive impairment incidence increases | — | brain | Human | |
| speech production problems | — | brain | Human | |
| verbal memory declines | — | brain | Human | |
| cognitive executive functions decline | — | brain | Human | |
| activation threshold for long-term potentiation is increased | — | brain | Human | |
| altered sleep parameters and patterns | — | | Human | |
| cognitive processing speed decreased | — | brain | Human | |