Increased sustained activity in tests of working memory
PhysiologicalData Availability
Period at which this change occurs is not accurately known
Tissue
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brain
Changes
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Anatomical System
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anatomical site
- head and neck
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thorax
- thoracic wall
- abdomen
- pelvis
- perineum
- upper limb
- lower limb
- whole body
- adipose tissue
- mucosa
- spine
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cardiovascular system
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heart
- atrium
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ventricle
- left ventricle
- endocardium
- myocardium
- pericardium
- cardiac valve
- cardiac conducting system
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artery
- aorta
- arterial intima
- arterial media
- arterial adventitia
- carotid artery
- coronary artery
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vein
- venous intima
- venous media
- venous adventitia
- capillary
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heart
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respiratory system
- nose
- sinus
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchus
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lung
- alveolus
- pleura
- diaphragm
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hematological system
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bone marrow
- hematopoietic stem cells
- mesenchymal stem cell
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blood
- plasma
- myeloid progenitor cell
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bone marrow
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lymphoreticular system
- lymph
- lymph node
- tonsil
- spleen
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alimentary system
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oral cavity
- tongue
- salivary gland
- tooth
- gum
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pharynx
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- hypopharynx
- oesophagus
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stomach
- gastric mucosa
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intestine
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small intestine
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
- vermiform appendix
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large intestine
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colorectal
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colon
- appendix
- rectum
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colon
- anus
- cecum
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colorectal
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small intestine
- mesentery
- omentum
- peritoneum
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liver and biliary system
- liver
- gall bladder
- bile duct
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pancreas
- exocrine pancreas
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oral cavity
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urogenital system
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urinary system
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kidney
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nephron
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renal corpuscle
- glomerus
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renal tubule
- renal proximal convoluted tubule
- renal distal convoluted tubule
- loop of Henle
- renal collecting duct
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renal corpuscle
- renal vasculature
- glomerulus
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nephron
- ureter
- bladder
- urethra
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kidney
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reproductive system
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male reproductive system
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testis
- seminiferous tubule
- epididymis
- prostate
- vas deferens
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penis
- glans
- foreskin
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testis
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female reproductive system
- ovary
- uterine tube
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uterus
- cervix
- endometrium
- myometrium
- vagina
- vulva
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breast
- mammary gland
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male reproductive system
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urinary system
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endocrine system
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endocrine pancreas
- islets of Langerhans
- pineal gland
- pituitary gland
- thyroid
- parathyroid
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adrenal gland
- adrenal cortex
- adrenal medulla
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endocrine pancreas
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musculoskeletal system
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bone
- ulna
- femur
- cartilage
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joint
- synovium
- ligament
- meniscus
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muscle
- skeletal muscle
- smooth muscle
- tendon
- fascia
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bone
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integument system
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skin
- epidermis
- dermis
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appendages
- hair follicle
- hair
- nail bed
- nail
- sweat gland
- sebaceous gland
- subcutaneous
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skin
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nervous system
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central nervous system
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brain
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cerebrum
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cerebral cortex
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frontal lobe
- prefrontal cortex
- parietal lobe
- temporal lobe
- occipital lobe
- visual
- insula
- olfactory bulb
- anterior olfactory nucleus
- lateral olfactory stria
- medial olfactory stria
- olfactory tubercle
- primary olfactory cortex
- secondary olfactory cortex
- hippocampus
- parahippocampal gyrus
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frontal lobe
- basal nuclei
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cerebral cortex
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hypothalamus
- preoptic nucleus
- supraoptic nucleus
- suprachiasmatic nucleus
- paraventricular nucleus
- infundibular nucleus
- anterior nucleus
- dorsomedial nucleus
- ventromedial nucleus
- lateral nucleus
- posterior nucleus
- premamillary nucleus
- tuberomamillary nucleus
- medial mamillary nucleus
- lateral mamillary nucleus
- lateral tuberal nucleus
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brain stem
-
midbrain
- crus cerebri
- colliculi
- substantia nigra
- red nucleus
- periaqueductal grey matter
- oculomotor nucleus
- trochlear nucleus
- mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus
-
pons
- vestibular nuclei
- cochlear nuclei
- superior olivary nucleus
- trapezoid nucleus
- nucleus of the lateral lemniscus
- abducent nucleus
- facial nucleus
- salivatory nuclei
- trigeminal nucleus
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midbrain
-
cerebellum
- cerebellum cortex
- cerebellum nuclei
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tract
- corpus callosum
- ventricular system
- cerebrospinal fluid
- meninges
- white matter
- grey matter
- blood brain barrier
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cerebrum
- spinal cord
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brain
-
peripheral nervous system
-
visual apparatus
- globe
- eyelid
- lacrimal gland
- conjunctiva
- cornea
- sclera
- lens
- vitreous humor
- iris
- ciliary body
- choroid
- retina
- optic nerve
- trabecular meshwork
-
auditory apparatus
- external ear
- middle ear
- tympanum
- auditory tube
- auditory ossicle
-
internal ear
-
osseous labyrinth
-
cochlea
- spiral organ of Corti
- semicircular canal
- vestibule
-
cochlea
- membranous labyrinth
-
osseous labyrinth
- olfactory apparatus
- peripheral nerve
- ganglion
- sympathetic chain
-
visual apparatus
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central nervous system
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immune system
-
thymus
- T cell progenitor
- lymphocytes
- B cell
- memory B cell
- T cell
- T regulatory cell
- stromal cell
- naïve T cell
- neutrophil
- macrophage
- natural killer cell
- dendritic cell
- leukocyte
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thymus
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anatomical site
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Anatomical System
References
- Grady (2008) "Cognitive neuroscience of aging." Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1124:127-144 (PubMed)
External Links
Description
In tests of working memory such as spatial and non-spatial auditory one-back tests, increased sustained activity with age was observed in left inferior prefrontal cortex, left parietal lobe, and both occipital lobes.